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The information age has reached beyond the
bounds of Benjamin Franklin’s innovative lending library. Sharing knowledge has
expanded. Technology opens the door to electronic learning that is becoming more
accessible and far reaching.
E-learning is electronic learning, using
computers, laptops, mobile devices such as tablets and ipads, as well as smart
phones to access the Internet, run software and interface with educational
institutions or other learning platforms -- “E-learning is the use of
electronic technologies to create learning experiences.” (Horton, 2011, p.
1). The learning field is
expansive when you identify e-learning to include any learning experience with
electronics (Horton, 2011).
People access the Internet for answers, from
everything on how to repair a dishwasher to current research in genetic
mutation. Higher educational institutions, primary and secondary schools, as
well as businesses provide e-learning experiences.
Yet, effective
e-learning is the key to success for the provider as well as the receiver. For
this method to become successful, designers must focus on four pillars: instructional
design, media design, software engineering, and economics, all of which
interact to provide effective learning via electronics. Within each of those
pillars, the needs of the learners must be addressed (Ehlers, 2004). However,
not everyone will benefit, just as not every student benefits from the
traditional classroom. E-learning design requires a succession of steps that Horton identifies as a critical path. (Horton, 2011).
Instructional Design
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Instructional design is one of the tenets of
successful e-learning and takes into account learning objectives and theory
(Horton, 2011). Within that
context, designers must tackle the obstacles that make learners bored,
frustrated and unable to learn in the designated method (Horton, 2011). Instructional design draws upon various
learning strategies that include simulations, discussion boards, peer editing,
video conferencing, and online video lectures (Nash, 2006).
At the foundation
of design is an understanding of how students learn, which varies by many
factors. This can make instructional design just as varied, as designers try to
cover as many learning theories as possible and remain a coherent program. The
principles of pedagogy and andragogoy lend perspectives when outlining
instruction for youth and adults. But even within those age groups and
theories, individuals differ in learning styles (Willems, J., 2011). Graduate
students differ in e-learning styles from undergraduates (Willems, J., 2011). In fact, one theory does not address the
needs of all, and rather a combination of theories must be utilized (Liu, et
al., 2009). An educational institution’s objectives should be addressed in the
instructional design of e-learning.
The path forward often needs re-defining in
the process of achieving the best outcome. If you cannot answer the question of
how this design of e-learning “changes the learner,” defining the end result, then
the process must be re-thought and mapped out (Horton, 2011, p. 9). Constructivist
theory influences the design of addressing the pattern of teaching to students
who have previous knowledge – which is often prescribed by pre-requisites
(Horton, 2011). Learning objectives are formulated and then a path to reach
those goals, taking into account different learning styles and previous learned
material.
Learner’s familiarity and confidence with computers and technology
will have an impact on the success of e-learning (Sun, et al., 2008). Horton
describes learning activities that fit into three categories where the learner
(1) absorbs information, (2) practices or discovers, and (3) completes activities
to show an understanding and usefulness of the material (Horton, 2011).
Media Design
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Media design is the second step in e-learning
design, once the preliminary objectives are addressed in the instructional
design. This encompasses a large pallet of choices that include multi-media delivered through computers
such as audio, video, graphics,
text, and anything delivered through that format (Horton, 2011).
As the ability
to provide a rich media format continues to accelerate, the focus on successful
e-learning must be the over-riding objective. According to Liu, et al., e-learners
were found to continue the use of e-learning materials based on the richness of
the media (2009). Information
presented in text – audio – video format resulted in a higher perceived
usefulness and concentration. They concluded that high-quality video is not a
distraction but enhances learners completing the tasks (Liu, et al., 2009).
Software Engineering
Software engineering is core to a successful
e-learning platform. Instructors cannot take their traditional classroom
materials and scan them into a digital format to be presented as an e-learning
course with the same success as a quality engineered software program. This is
where curriculum for e-learning must involve technology and skilled designers
and programmers (Ehlers, 2004). One cannot function without the other for a success.
Teachers and educators, trained in the past to develop their own lesson plans
from standard textbook curriculum, must now reach out to technologists.
Educational software was first introduced as a stand-alone learning platform.
But with the advancement of the Internet and mobile devices, software becomes
more accessible through cloud technology (Sun, P., et al., 2008). Students’
“perceived satisfaction” of e-learning technology influences the success of the
online educational future. Course quality and the ease of use affect student
satisfaction (Sun, P., et al., 2008). Learners and educators will compete with
products that enable learning with greater success (Sun, P., et al., 2008).
Economics
Economics is not the last pillar of importance in a successful e-learning design. The cost of delivering electronic learning covers designers and providers. Education is business and e-learning courses must endure long enough to reap the financial rewards. The field is growing and new technologies quickly replace older ones (Ehlers, 2004). Quality is multi-dimensional, embracing different perspectives, meanings, and levels of quality (Ehlers, 2004).
References
Ehlers, Ulf-D. (2004). Quality in e-Learning from a
Learner's Perspective. European Journal
of Open, Distance and E-Learning. Retrieved from http://www.eurodl.org/index.php?tag=120&article=230&article=101
Horton,
W. (2011). e-learning by Design. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Pfeiffer.
Pei-Chen Sun, Tsai, R. J., Finger, G., Yueh-Yang Chen,
& Yeh, D. (2008). What drives a successful e-learning? an empirical
investigation of the critical factors influencing learner satisfaction. Computers & Education, 50,
1183-1202. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2006.11.007
Su-Houn Liu, Hsiu-Li Liao, & Pratt, J. (2009). A.Impact
of media richness and flow on e-learning technology acceptance. Computers & Education, 52, 599-607.
doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2008.11.002
Willems, J. (2011). Using learning styles data to inform
e-learning design: A study comparing undergraduates, postgraduates and
e-educators. Australasian Journal of
Educational Technology, 27(6), 863-880. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=77923944&site=eds-live
Congratulations on this, Deila. You have take an set of concepts from a very poor pdf document and given them new meaning and depth.
ReplyDeleteExcellent scholarship and writing.